油菜凍害
油菜(cai)低溫(wen)(wen)凍害主(zhu)要發(fa)生(sheng)在越冬(dong)(dong)期(qi)(qi)間,也(ye)可(ke)發(fa)生(sheng)在早春寒潮期(qi)(qi)間。越冬(dong)(dong)期(qi)(qi),當氣溫(wen)(wen)降至-3—-5℃時,油菜(cai)就會遭受(shou)凍害,-7—-8℃受(shou)害(hai)較重。冬季和(he)初春(chun)的(de)(de)低溫和(he)大風會加重油(you)菜(cai)凍害(hai),抽(chou)苔開花期對低溫敏感,一旦現蕾,特別(bie)是抽(chou)薹,就失(shi)去抗寒能力,尤其春(chun)后早(zao)春(chun)寒潮引起的(de)(de)凍害(hai)對油(you)菜(cai)產量的(de)(de)影響(xiang)更(geng)大。
油菜凍(dong)害可表現在地(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和地(di)(di)下部(bu)(bu),地(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)凍(dong)害包括葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)、莖稈、蕾(lei)苔、幼果。葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)受(shou)凍(dong)病(bing)呈燙(tang)傷(shang)狀,持續低(di)溫會導致細(xi)胞間隙內水(shui)分(fen)結冰(bing),使葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)組織受(shou)凍(dong)死亡;早春寒潮期間如(ru)果溫度不(bu)是(shi)太低(di),葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)下表皮生長受(shou)阻,而其余部(bu)(bu)分(fen)繼續生長,則(ze)導致葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)呈現凹凸不(bu)平的皺縮現象。
油菜(cai)現蕾(lei)抽苔期抗寒力最(zui)弱,只要溫度在0℃以(yi)下時,就會出現(xian)凍(dong)害,苔受(shou)凍(dong)初呈水(shui)燙狀,嫩苔彎曲下垂,莖(jing)部表(biao)面破裂,是(shi)鑒定(ding)品(pin)種(zhong)是(shi)否(fou)耐凍(dong)的一(yi)個(ge)主(zhu)要標志(zhi)。
受(shou)凍花蕾由綠轉(zhuan)黃(huang),后(hou)變白脫落。凍害嚴(yan)重(zhong)時(shi),即使能開(kai)花也(ye)會結實不良,特(te)別(bie)是主花序(xu)出現(xian)分段(duan)結實的(de)現(xian)象。
地下部分凍害主(zhu)要表現在(zai)根部,根系弱小和扎(zha)根不深的油菜,苗期若(ruo)遇-5—-7℃低溫、土壤結冰膨脹,幼(you)苗(miao)根系被抬起,白(bai)天氣溫回(hui)升,凍土溶解,體積(ji)變小(xiao)下沉,根系就會扯(che)斷外露的現象,出(chu)現根拔現象的幼(you)苗(miao)再遇(yu)冷風日曬,則(ze)會大量死苗(miao)。
春季凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)的輕重(zhong),與品種、栽培(pei)條件(jian)有關。春性較強抽薹(tai)(tai)較早(zao)(zao)的比晚(wan)熟品種要受(shou)(shou)凍(dong)(dong)要重(zhong);播期(qi)過早(zao)(zao)使現蕾抽薹(tai)(tai)提早(zao)(zao),受(shou)(shou)凍(dong)(dong)機會多,凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)亦較重(zhong);播期(qi)過晚(wan),越(yue)冬(dong)時(shi)苗小(xiao)葉(xie)少,遇(yu)冷冬(dong)極易受(shou)(shou)凍(dong)(dong)。偏施氮(dan)肥,或植株(zhu)生長過旺,或群體(ti)不大,凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)都(dou)較重(zhong)。低溫(wen)出現越(yue)遲(chi),凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)越(yue)重(zhong)。
補救措施(shi):要(yao)增(zeng)施(shi)磷(lin)鉀肥,磷(lin)肥促進根系(xi)發育(yu),增(zeng)強油菜(cai)(cai)抗(kang)性(xing),鉀肥可(ke)提(ti)高油菜(cai)(cai)抗(kang)寒、抗(kang)病(bing)、抗(kang)倒(dao)伏的能力。受凍后要(yao)重施(shi)速效肥,促進分發枝發育(yu),增(zeng)加角(jiao)果數,以保證(zheng)產量(liang)。